The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown, but several factors can increase the risk. These include age (most common in men over 50), family history, certain genetic mutations, race (more common in African American men), obesity, and dietary factors. High-fat diets, smoking, and exposure to certain chemicals may also play a role in increasing the risk.

In its early stages, prostate cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as the cancer progresses, signs and symptoms may include difficulty urinating, decreased force in the stream of urine, blood in the urine or semen, bone pain, unexplained weight loss, and erectile dysfunction. It is important to consult a healthcare provider if any of these symptoms persist.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer typically involves a combination of digital rectal exams (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood tests, and imaging tests like MRI or ultrasound. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the presence of cancer. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient’s age, overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment options may include active surveillance, surgery (such as a radical prostatectomy), radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.

The prognosis for prostate cancer varies widely. Many cases of prostate cancer are detected at an early stage, which can lead to a very favorable outcome. Early detection through routine screening can improve the chances of successful treatment. Preventive measures, while not guaranteed to prevent prostate cancer, include maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and discussing any personal risk factors with a healthcare provider.